December 2009
Probiotics: Health benefits in the mouth
Iva Stamatova, md & Jukka H. Meurman, md, phd
Abstract: Probiotics or health-beneficial bacteria have only
recently been introduced in dentistry and oral medicine after years of
successful use in mainly gastro-intestinal disorders. The concept of
bacteriotherapy and use of health-beneficial micro-organisms to heal diseases
or support immune function was first introduced in the beginning of the 20th
century. Later the concept lead to the development of modern dairy industry and
even today most probiotic strains are lactobacilli or bifidobacteria used in
milk fermentation. The mechanisms of probiotic action are mainly unknown but
the inter-microbial species interactions are supposed to play a key role in
this together with their immuno-stimulatory effects. The introduction of
probiotic bacteria in the mouth calls for ascertainment of their particular
safety. Since acid production from sugar is detrimental to teeth, care must be
taken not to select strains with high fermentation capacity. The first
randomized controlled trials have nevertheless shown that probiotics may
control dental caries in children due to their inhibitory action against
cariogenic streptococci. Less evidence exists on their role in periodontal
disease or oral yeast infections. Furthermore the best vehicles for oral probiotic
applications need to be assessed. So far mainly dairy products have been
investigated but other means such as probiotics in chewing gums or lozenges
have also been studied. From the clinical practitioner’s point of view direct
recommendations for the use of probiotics cannot yet be given. However,
scientific evidence so far indicates that probiotic therapy may be a reality
also in dentistry and oral medicine in the future. (Am J Dent 2009;22:329-338)
Clinical significance: From the clinical practitioner’s
point of view direct recommendations for the use of probiotics cannot yet be
given. However, scientific evidence so far indicates that probiotic therapy may
be a reality also in dentistry and oral medicine in the future.
*: Dr. Iva Stamatova, 3 Christo
Botev Blvd., Faculty of Dental Medicine, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria. E-*: iva.stamatova@abv.bg
Research
Article
Effects of tooth bleaching
on the color and translucency properties of enamel
Xiao Ma, dds, phd, Tao Jiang, dds, phd, Lili Sun, dds, Zhejun Wang, Yi Zhou, dds, phd & Yining Wang, dds, phd
Abstract: Purpose: To investigate the changes in color
and translucency properties of enamel following 14 days treatment with
carbamide peroxide. Methods: 24
extracted premolars were used in this study. Two enamel-dentin specimens were
prepared from each tooth and randomly
assigned to be bleached with carbamide peroxide for 14 days or stored in
artificial saliva as control. A spectrophotometer (Spectrascan PR650) was
employed to measure the color of specimens according to the CIELab system.
Color measurement of enamel-dentin specimens was performed prior to and after
bleaching. After 14 days bleaching, enamel slabs were prepared by removing
dentin parts using a low-speed saw. Then the color and translucency parameter
(TP) of enamel slabs was measured over a black and a white background. Data
between the experimental group and the control group were analyzed by paired t-test. Results: After bleaching, the color of enamel slabs and controls
differed significantly both over the black and white background in L* and b*
values (all P< 0.001). The translucency parameter (TP) of bleached enamel
slabs was significantly lower than that of controls (P< 0.01). Both the
∆E values of enamel on the two backgrounds were significantly correlated
to that of enamel-dentin specimens (P= 0.003; P= 0.012). (Am J Dent 2009;22:324-328).
Clinical significance: Tooth bleaching may alter not
only the color but also the translucency of enamel. The color change of teeth
during bleaching may be highly influenced by the color and translucency
properties of enamel.
*: Dr. Yining Wang, Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China. E-*: wang.yn@whu.edu.cn
Research
Article
Treatment of Miller Class I and II
localized recession defects
using laterally positioned flaps: A
24-month study
Luiz Armando Chambrone, dds,
msd, phd & Leandro Chambrone, dds, msd
Abstract: Purpose: To
assess the clinical results obtained with laterally positioned flap (LPF) for
the treatment of localized gingival recessions (GR). Methods: 32 systemically healthy, non-smoking patients, with one
Miller Class I or II buccal GR of ≥ 3 mm, were treated with a LPF. At
baseline the following measurements were recorded: (1) recession depth; (2)
probing depth; (3) clinical attachment level; and (4) width of keratinized
tissue. At 24 months post-surgery, all clinical measurements were repeated. Results: Mean root coverage obtained
with the laterally positioned flaps was 93.8%. Complete root coverage was
obtained in 62.5% of the recipient sites. The mean recession depth decreased
from 4.71 ± 1.30 mm to 0.28 ± 0.42 mm. Statistically significant improvements
were found for all clinical parameters from baseline to 24 months (P< 0.05).
Patients with maxillary recessions recorded statistically superior gains in the
width of keratinized tissue than patients with mandibular recessions. The
results of the present study demonstrated that the LPF is an effective
procedure to cover localized gingival recession. Moreover, both groups (i.e., patients with maxillary or
mandibular recessions) recorded similar significant improvements from baseline
to 24-month examination, except for the width of keratinized tissue which was
statistically higher for maxillary recessions. (Am J Dent 2009;22:339-344).
Clinical
significance: The laterally positioned flap was considered an uncomplicated and effective
procedure in the treatment of localized gingival recessions, among patients
presenting esthetic demands, treated at a private practice.
*: Dr. Leandro Chambrone, Disciplina
de Periodontia, Departamento de Periodontia, Faculdade de Odontologia,
Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227 C. Universitária
05508-000, São Paulo –SP, Brazil. E-*:
chambrone@usp.br
Research Article
Comparison of rotation/oscillation and
sonic power toothbrushes on plaque
and gingivitis for 10 weeks
Karen Williams, rdh, phd, Kathy Rapley, bs, Jan Haun, rdh, bs, Pat Walters, rdh, msdh, msob,
Tao He, dds, phd, Julie Grender, phd & Aaron R. Biesbrock, dmd, phd, ms
Abstract: Purpose: Although power toothbrushes provide valuable tools toward improving oral
health, contrasting results are discerned in their efficiency. This 10-week
study was conducted to compare the safety and efficacy of rotation/oscillation
and sonic power toothbrushes in the reduction of plaque and gingivitis. Methods: This two-treatment, parallel
group, examiner-blind, randomized study had the subjects brush twice daily at
home with their assigned rotation/oscillation or sonic toothbrush following
manufacturer’s instructions with center visits at baseline, and at 4 and 10
weeks following the baseline visit, for assessment of oral safety (all visits),
plaque (baseline, Weeks 4 and 10), and gingivitis (baseline and Week 10).
Gingivitis and number of bleeding sites were measured using the Löe-Silness
Gingivitis Index, and plaque was measured using the Turesky Modification of the
Quigley-Hein Plaque Index. Results: At Week 10, 171 subjects were evaluable for plaque assessment (85 in Sonic
group, 86 in rotation/oscillation group) and 165 subjects were evaluable for
gingivitis and bleeding sites assessment (84 in sonic group, 81 in rotation/oscillation
group). The rotation/oscillation group had statistically significantly lower
gingivitis scores (by 3.5%) and statistically significantly fewer bleeding
sites than the sonic group (by 16.1%) with P= 0.038 and 0.028, respectively, at
Week 10. Compared to baseline, only the rotation/oscillation group showed a
statistically significant improvement in gingivitis (P= 0.003) and bleeding (P<
0.001) at Week 10. At both Weeks 4 and 10, the rotation/oscillation group had
directionally lower plaque scores than the sonic group (by approximately 3%), but
treatment group differences were not statistically significant (P> 0.1) at
either time point. Both groups showed
statistically significantly lower plaque scores at Weeks 4 and 10 relative to
baseline. (Am J Dent 2009;22:345-349).
Clinical
significance: The rotation/oscillation toothbrush significantly reduced gingivitis over a
10-week period relative to the sonic toothbrush.
*:
Dr. Aaron R. Biesbrock, The Procter & Gamble Company,
Research
Article
Difference in illuminant-dependent color
changes of shade guide tabs by the
shade designation relative to three
illuminants
Hyun-Suk Cha, dds, phd & Yong-Keun Lee, dds, phd
Abstract: Purpose: To
determine the difference in illuminant-dependent color changes of shade guide
tabs of Vita Lumin (VITA), Chromascop (CHRO) and Vita 3D-Master (3D-M) shade
guides by the shade designation in each shade guide. Methods: Color of 16 tabs of VITA, 20 tabs of CHRO and 29 tabs of
3D-M was measured according to the CIELAB color scale relative to the CIE
standard illuminant D65, A and F2. Color differences (∆E*ab) between the A1 tab and other VITA tabs,
between the 110 tab and other CHRO tabs and between the
Clinical
significance: Within
each brand of shade guide tested, color and hue angle of shade tabs change
differently by the shade designation when the illuminant is changed. Therefore,
combined with different directions in the hue angle shifts, this differential
color change of shade tabs by the illuminant depending on the shade designation
can be a strong contributing factor in color mismatch when shade tabs and
restorations are matched and viewed under different illuminants.
*:
Dr. Yong-Keun Lee, Denforus Co., Ltd., Room 1202, I-B Diosuperium, 3001-2
Bangbae-Dong, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, Korea. E-*: ykleedm@gmail.com
Research
Article
Microtensile
dentin adhesive bond strength under different positive
pulpal pressures
John H. Purk, dds, phd, Vladimir Dusevich, phd, Jared Atwood, Becca Dawson Spencer,
Dustin Kruse, Tyler Webb, Angela Williams & Daniel Tira, phd
Abstract: Purpose: To measure the in
vitro dentin microtensile bond strength of established adhesives under
different hydrostatic pulpal pressures. Methods: After IRB approval, 24 human extracted third molars were randomly distributed
into four adhesive treatment groups: Clearfil-SE (self-etch, water-based), One-Step
Plus (total-etch, acetone-based), Peak-SE (self-etch, ethanol-based) and PQ1
(total-etch, ethanol-based, Ultradent). Additionally each group was assigned to
be restored under 0.0, 5.0 or 15.0 cm of water pressure. Coronal enamel was
removed using 60, 240 & 320-grit wet sandpaper until only dentin was
visible. After adhesive placement Filtek Z250 Universal Restorative was applied
in five 1.0 mm increments. All teeth were tested at 24 hours for microtensile
bond strength and examined for mode of failure under light microscopy (x40). Results: A two-factor ANOVA found a
statistically significant effect for adhesives, water pressures and their
interaction (P≤ 0.001). Post hoc pairwise comparisons of simple effects using the Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch
Range procedure showed Clearfil-SE stronger than the other adhesives at 5.0 and
at 15.0 cm water pressure (P< 0.07). One-Step Plus was weaker than PQ1 and
Peak-SE at 5.0 and at 15.0 cm water pressure (P< 0.07). PQ1 and Peak-SE at
0.0, 5.0 and 15.0 cm were not significantly different from each other (P>
0.07). For water pressure comparisons, Clearfil-SE was stronger at 0.0 vs. 5.0 cm water pressure (P< 0.07),
while there was no difference for Clearfil-SE between 5.0 and 15.0 cm water
pressure (P> 0.07). One-Step Plus was significantly stronger at 0.0 cm water
pressure than at 5.0 and 15.0 cm water pressure (P< 0.07), and at 5.0 cm
water pressure it was stronger than at 15.0 cm pressure (P< 0.07). Both
Peak-SE and PQ1 at 0.0 cm water pressure were significantly stronger than at
5.0 and 15.0 cm water pressure. There was no difference in strength between 5.0
and 15.0 cm water pressure for either of the two adhesives (P> 0.07). (Am J Dent 2009;22:357-360).
Clinical significance: Microtensile bond strengths of
dentin adhesives may be affected by a slight pulpal pressure (5.0 cm) when
teeth are restored.
*: Dr. John H. Purk, School of
Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 650 East 25th Street, Kansas
City, Missouri 64108, USA. E-*: purkj@umkc.edu
Research
Article
Translucency and color change of tooth-colored
temporary
coating materials
Shoji Takenaka, dds, phd, Rika Wakamatsu, dds, Yumiko Ozoe, dds, Fumihito Tomita, dds, phd,
Masayoshi Fukushima, dds, phd & Takashi Okiji, dds, phd
Abstract: Purpose: To estimate the color-masking
ability of two polymer-based paint-on temporary coating materials, White Coat
and BeautiCoat. Methods: Three
shades (OA1, OB0, OB1) of White Coat and four shades (BW1, BW2, BW3 and BW4) of
BeautiCoat were used. Disk specimens (0.25–2.0 mm thick) were prepared, CIELAB
coordinates (L*, a*, b*) were measured against white and black backgrounds on a
colorimeter, and translucency parameter (TP) was calculated. Masking effect
(∆ME*ab) was also calculated as the color difference between a specimen
over a black background and black background itself. Measurements were also
made on a dentin-shaded resin composite as a substitute for discolored teeth,
and color differences (∆E*) were then calculated. Results: The TP value decreased as the thickness of the specimen
increased, and non-linear regressions were shown between the specimen thickness
and TP value for all materials evaluated (P< 0.01). TP values of BeautiCoat
showed significant differences (P< 0.05) between each shade at any thickness
evaluated, ranging from 20.0 to 46.4 at 0.25 mm in thickness. White Coat showed
narrower-ranging TP values: from 20.0 to 23.5 at 0.25 mm, and differences were
often insignificant. ∆ME*ab values correlated with TP values. ∆E*
values of 0.25 mm-thick specimens against the dentin-shade composite were above
6.5, which can be evaluated as visually perceptible. (Am J Dent 2009;22:361-365).
Clinical significance: White Coat consists of shades
with a higher color-masking ability and thus this is more effective for teeth
with considerable discoloration. On the other hand, BeautiCoat has a larger
selection of shades with different color-masking abilities, and thus is useful
for various tooth discolorations. Regardless of the shades and materials, a
clinically perceptible color change is obtained by the application of 0.25 mm
in thickness.
*: Dr. Shoji Takenaka, Division of
Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health
Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences,
2-5274, Gakko-cho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan. E-*: takenaka@dent.niigata-u.ac.jp
Research
Article
The influence of
storage condition and duration on the resistance
to fracture of
different fiber post systems
Michele Vano, dds, Carlos Carvalho, dds, Maurizio Sedda, dds, Mario Gabriele, md, dds,
Franklin García-Godoy, dds, ms & Marco Ferrari, md, dds, phd
Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the effects of
storage condition and duration on the resistance to fracture of different fiber
post systems (and to morphologically assess the post structure before and after
storage. Methods: Three types of
fiber posts (DT Light Post, GC Post, FRC Postect Plus) were divided in
different groups (n=12) according to the storage condition (dry at 37°C; saline
water at 37°C; mineral oil at 37°C and storage inside the roots of extracted
human teeth immersed in saline water at 37°C) and duration (6, 12 months). A
universal testing machine loading at a 90° angle was employed for the
three-point bending test. The test was carried out until fracture of the post.
A 3-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α= 0.05) were used to compare the effect
of the experimental factors on the fracture strength. Two posts of each group
were observed before and after the storage using a scanning electron
microscope. Results: Storage condition
and post type had a significant effect on post fracture strength (P< 0.05).
The interaction between these factors was significant (P< 0.05). Water
storage significantly decreased the fracture strength, regardless of the post
type and the storage duration. Storage inside roots, in oil, and at dry
conditions did not significantly affect post fracture strength. SEM micrographs
revealed voids between fibers and resin matrix for posts stored in water. Posts
stored under the other conditions showed a compact matrix without porosities. (Am J Dent 2009;22:366-370).
Clinical significance: Fiber posts placed inside human root canals immersed in water were not affected
by water. Fiber posts stored in direct contact with water showed significantly
lower fracture strength values and morphological changes regardless of the post
type.
*: Prof. Dr. Marco Ferrari,
Department of Restorative Dentistry and Dental Materials, University of Siena,
Policlinico Le Scotte, Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy. E-*: ferrarimar@unisi.it
Research Article
Enamel-resin bond
durability of self-etch and etch & rinse adhesives
Raquel Osorio, dds, phd, Francesca Monticelli, dds, msc, phd, Mario A.G. Moreira, dds, phd,
Estrella Osorio, dds,
phd & Manuel Toledano, md, dds, phd
Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate
the degradation of resin-enamel interfaces bonded with different adhesive
systems. Methods: Flat enamel
surfaces were ground buccally on bovine incisors. Two etch & rinse
self-priming adhesives (Single Bond, Prime & Bond NT), three two-step
self-etch adhesives (Clearfil SE Bond, Resulcin Aquaprime, NRC/Prime & Bond
NT) and two all-in-one adhesives (Etch & Prime 3.0, Adper Prompt-L-Pop)
were used for bonding. A hybrid resin composite (Tetric Ceram) was selected for
coronal build-up. Bonded specimens were stored in water at
Clinical significance: Etch & rinse systems and
the mild two-step self-etch adhesive (CSEB) may ensure durable resin-enamel
bonds. The etching pattern was not a determining factor in enamel-resin bond
longevity.
*: Prof. Raquel Osorio, Dental School, University of Granada, Colegio
Máximo, Campus de Cartuja s/n 18017 Granada, Spain. E-*: toledano@ugr.es
Research Article
Effect of acid conditioning of root
canal dentin on the retention
of adhesively luted glass
fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) posts
Zakereyya S. Albashaireh, bds,
msc, phd, Muhamad Ghazal, dds & Matthias Kern, dr med dent, phd
Abstract: Purpose: To assess
the retention of glass FRC posts luted with resin cements after conditioning
the canal dentin with different acidic treatments. Methods: Post spaces were prepared in six groups of eight
endodontically treated extracted teeth. Glass FRC posts were luted after
etching the canal dentin with phosphoric acid and/or applying ED-Primer,
Clearfil New Bond or XP Bond. The groups with their respective etching time,
primer and cement combinations were as follows. ED: ED-Primer only and Panavia
21; ED15: 15 seconds phosphoric acid treatment, ED-Primer and Panavia 21; NB15:
15 seconds phosphoric acid treatment, Clearfil New Bond and Panavia 21; NB30:
30 seconds phosphoric acid treatment, Clearfil New Bond and Panavia 21; XP15:
15 seconds phosphoric acid treatment, XP Bond and Calibra; XP30: 30 seconds
phosphoric acid treatment, XP Bond and Calibra. Specimens were stored in water
for 30 days and subjected to simulated aging conditions. Post retention was
measured in tension at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/minute. Analysis of variance
and Bonferroni multiple range tests were conducted for data analysis. Results: The mean (standard deviation)
retention values in Newtons (N) were: ED: 180.9 (44.9); ED15: 278.3 (37.7);
NB15: 283.8 (84.9); NB30: 187.7 (60.0), XP15: 216.8 (46.8), XP30: 199.6 (34.0).
The retention values of ED15 and NB15 were significantly higher than those of
ED and NB30 groups respectively. There were no statistically significant
differences between XP Bond groups. Microscopic evaluation of post surfaces
demonstrated that the debonding failure was adhesive at the cement-post and cement-dentin
interfaces. (Am J Dent 2009;22:376-380).
Clinical significance: When using ED-Primer and
Panavia 21 for cementing glass FRC root canal posts, an additional 15 seconds
treatment of the canal dentin with phosphoric acid improves the retention. While,
when using Clearfil New Bond and Panavia 21, or XP Bond and Calibra, high
retention of same post is achieved by treating dentin with phosphoric acid for
15 seconds.
*:
Prof. Zakereyya S.M. Albashaireh, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty
of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid
22110, Jordan. E-*:
albashai@just.edu.jo
Review
Article
Curing efficiency of three
different curing lights at different distances
for a hybrid composite
Song Zhu,
Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the influence of different curing distances
with three types of lights in terms of the surface microhardness of a resin
composite as a function of power density. Methods: 90 cylindrical light-cured resin composite specimens were polymerized with
three light curing units: (a) Mini LED AutoFocus with a fast curing mode (1955
mW/cm2); (b) LEDemetron I (1541 mW/cm2) and (c) Optilux
401 QTH (1294 mW/cm2) for 40 seconds. Polymerization was performed
with the curing tip at a distance of
Clinical significance: For the
resin composite tested, the Mini AutoFocus LED light was able to polymerize a 2
mm-thick composite specimen with the light guide tip
*: Dr. Song Zhu, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry,
Hospital of Stomatology, JiLin University, ChangChun, JiLin, P.R.China. E-*: zhusong1965@163.com
Review
Article
Influence of in
situ post-bleaching times on resin composite
shear bond strength to enamel and dentin
Cinthia Maria Barbosa, dds, ms, Robson Tetsuo Sasaki, dds, Flávia Martão Flório,
dds, ms
& Roberta Tarkany Basting, dds, ms, scd, phd
Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate in situ the influence of time after treatment with a 16% carbamide
peroxide home-use bleaching agent on the shear bond strength of resin-based
composite to human enamel and dentin. Methods: 80 enamel slabs (E) and 80 dentin slabs (D) were obtained, embedded, flattened,
sterilized and randomly fixed on the buccal surface of teeth in 20 volunteers.
These specimens were submitted to treatment with a 16% carbamide peroxide
bleaching agent (Pola Night) for 2 hours a day, for 3 weeks. The control group
(C) consisted of slabs that were fixed on buccal tooth faces that did not
receive any bleaching treatment. For the experimental groups, three slabs of E
and three slabs of D were fixed to teeth of the same volunteers, and after
bleaching treatment, the slabs were removed at different times: EI – immediate
removal; E7 – removal 7 days after treatment ended; E14 – removal 14 days after
treatment ended. After removal, the slabs were again embedded and microhybrid
composite resin cylinders (Filtek Z250) were constructed and bonded using a
one-bottle adhesive system (Single Bond) for shear bond strength tests. These
tests were performed in a universal testing machine, with a speed of 0.5 mm/minute,
with the data returned in MPa. The results were submitted to the ANOVA test. Results: There were no significant
differences with regards to the timespan for the E and D groups (P> 0.05).
For the fracture mode analysis, there was a predominance of adhesive failures
for Groups C, EI and E14 in enamel, with the same adhesive failures occurred
for all groups in dentin. It was concluded that restorative procedures may be
performed immediately after the end of the bleaching treatment. (Am J Dent 2009;22:387-392).
Clinical significance: The influence of bleaching
agents on bond strength has been extensively evaluated in laboratory
conditions, demonstrating that there is diminished bond strength of resin
composites to bleached enamel and dentin. However, this in situ study suggests that adhesive restorations can be made
immediately after at-home bleaching treatment with 16% carbamide peroxide
agent.
*: Prof. Dr. Roberta Tarkany Basting, Faculty of Dentistry and Dental Research
Center São Leopoldo Mandic, Department of Restorative Dentistry - Operative,
Rua José Rocha Junqueira, 13 Bairro Swift, Campinas, SP, CEP: 13045-755,
Brazil. E-*:
Review
Article
Effects of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate
(CPP-ACP) application on enamel
microhardness after bleaching
Sule Bayrak, dds, phd, Emine Sen Tunc, dds, phd, Isil Saroglu Sonmez, dds, phd, Turkan Egilmez, dds
Abstract: Purpose: To
evaluate the effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate
(CCP-ACP) application on the microhardness of bleached enamel and compare it to
that of fluoride application. Methods: 10 extracted bovine incisors were cut into four sections (4 x 4 x
Clinical
significance: Pastes containing CPP-ACP significantly increased enamel microhardness and may
be beneficial after bleaching treatment.
*:
Dr. Sule Bayrak, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry,
...
